Design a compact CPW monopole antenna on rubber substrate for ISM band application

One of the most challenging works on compact antenna design is to maintain the flexibility orientation. This paper demonstrates a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed monopole antenna with rubber substrate at 2.45 GHz center frequency for ISM band application. The proposed antenna attained the realized gain at 4.06 dB with the radiation efficiency around 90% at peak value and the bandwidth of 541.5 MHz. The antenna was designed using the CPW structure. CST microwave studio applied to design the proposed antenna simulation. The main purposed of this study is to improve the antenna performances specially the bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. Moreover, another aim of that antenna design is to reduce the antenna size and thickness upon the existing related design with rubber substrate

Design of UWB microstrip patch antenna with variable band notched characteristics

Recently lower frequency band 4.5−5.5 GHz is proposed by the ASEAN countries for 5G cellular application and therefore, it is essential of designing an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for the particular band-notched characteristics. In this article, a compact tuning fork shape ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antenna with a variable band-notched characteristic has been proposed for 5G cellular application. The UWB antenna has been achieved by using a tuning fork shape with a simple partial ground plane. A pair of ring shape slits (RSS) on the ground plane has been added to achieve the band-notched characteristic. The proposed antenna has achieved a large −10 dB bandwidth of 7.8 GHz (2.9−11 GHz) and the VSWR value is less than 2 for the entire bandwidth excepted for notched frequency bands of lower 5G bands (4.5−5.5 GHz). Moreover, the antenna has a peak radiation efficiency of more than 87% for UWB and less than 27% for the notched frequency band. The notched-band is shifted with the change in the position of RSS’s within the vertical axis and thus, the variable band-notched characteristics have been achieved. Besides, the proposed antenna is compact with the dimension of 45×34 mm2 that makes it suitable for the lower band of 5G application

Design a compact CPW monopole antenna on rubber substrate for ISM band application

One of the most challenging works on compact antenna design is to maintain the flexibility orientation. This paper demonstrates a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed monopole antenna with rubber substrate at 2.45 GHz center frequency for ISM band application. The proposed antenna attained the realized gain at 4.06 dB with the radiation efficiency around 90% at peak value and the bandwidth of 541.5 MHz. The antenna was designed using the CPW structure. CST microwave studio applied to design the proposed antenna simulation. The main purposed of this study is to improve the antenna performances specially the bandwidth, gain, and radiation efficiency. Moreover, another aim of that antenna design is to reduce the antenna size and thickness upon the existing related design with rubber substrate

Design a CPW antenna on rubber substrate for multiband applications

This paper presents a compact CPW monopole antenna on rubber substrate for multiband applications. The multi band applications (2.45 and 3.65 GHz) is achieved on this antenna design with better antenna performances. Specially this antenna focused on ISM band application meanwhile some of slots (S1, S2, S3) have been used and attained another frequency band at 3.65 GHz for WiMAX application. The achievement of the antenna outcomes from this design that the bandwidth of 520 MHz for first band, the second band was 76 MHz for WiMAX application and the radiation efficiency attained around 90%. Moreover, the realized gain was at 4.27 dBi which overcome the most of existing design on that field. CST microwave studio has been used for antenna simulation

Design of microstrip patch antenna on rubber substrate with DGS for WBAN applications

The physical flexibility has a significant impact on microstrip antenna design for wireless body area network (WBAN) application and designing such an antenna on a flexible substrate has many challenges. This paper presents an inset-fed microstrip patch antenna designed on a rubber substrate with defected ground structure (DGS). DGS is used to further enhance the antenna performances. The designed antenna is expected to operate at 2.45 GHz within the ISM band range and the return loss is -37.33dB with wide –10dB bandwidth of 101MHz. In addition, the VSWR value is 1.03 at the resonant frequency with an increase of 7.5% in the realized gain compares to the antenna without DGS. The accumulated surface current is 174 A/m on the radiating patch with a maximum realized gain of 3.42 dB and the maximum radiation efficiency of more than 60%. The antenna design, simulation, and performance analysis have been conducted using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. This paper focuses on the improvement in the return loss and antenna operating bandwidth of the flexible antenna to make it suitable for WBAN application

Design of UWB microstrip patch antenna with variable band notched characteristics

Recently lower frequency band 4.5–5.5 GHz is proposed by the ASEAN countries for 5G cellular application and therefore, it is essential of designing an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna for the particular band-notched characteristics. In this article, a compact tuning fork shape ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antenna with a variable band-notched characteristic has been proposed for 5G cellular application. The UWB antenna has been achieved by using a tuning fork shape with a simple partial ground plane. A pair of ring shape slits (RSS) on the ground plane has been added to achieve the band-notched characteristic. The proposed antenna has achieved a large -10 dB bandwidth of 7.8 GHz (2.9-11 GHz) and the VSWR value is less than 2 for the entire bandwidth excepted for notched frequency bands of lower 5G bands (4.5-5.5 GHz). Moreover, the antenna has a peak radiation efficiency of more than 87% for UWB and less than 27% for the notched frequency band. The notched-band is shifted with the change in the position of RSS’s within the vertical axis and thus, the variable band-notched characteristics have been achieved. Besides, the proposed antenna is compact with the dimension of 45×34 mm2 that makes it suitable for the lower band of 5G application

Design and development of uwb patch antenna with variable band notched using ring-shaped slits

ASEAN countries have recently proposed the frequency band (4.5–5.5) GHz for fifth generation (5G) cellular communication, which necessitates the creation of an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna to accommodate the band-notched function. To describe the compact shape of a UWB antenna in the context of 5G application, this article has introduced a variable notched resonant characteristic at 5G lower band. A tuning fork radiating patch with a simple defected ground plane structure was used to create the UWB antenna. In order to create the band-notched criteria, a pair of ring-shaped slits (RSS) has been applied to the ground plane. This antenna has achieved a huge bandwidth from 2.9 GHz to 11 GHz and an extremely low VSWR less than 2. It appears that the antenna covers all frequencies except for notched frequency bands at lower 5G band (4.5–5.5) GHz. The antenna has been archived a peak gain of 5 dBi for UWB, but the notched frequency band produces less than -1 dBi. The notched-band can be shifted gradually in response to changes in the different positions of RSS’s along the vertical axis, resulting capability to design for variable band-notched characteristics. The preliminary design was presented in [19]. The complete design is fabricated and tested and presented in this paper. The proposed antenna is small, with a surface area of 45×34 mm2, making it ideal for 5G lower band application

Emotion Recognition from EEG Signal Focusing on Deep Learning and Shallow Learning Techniques

Recently, electroencephalogram-based emotion recognition has become crucial in enabling the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) system to become more intelligent. Due to the outstanding applications of emotion recognition, e.g., person-based decision making, mind-machine interfacing, cognitive interaction, affect detection, feeling detection, etc., emotion recognition has become successful in attracting the recent hype of AI-empowered research. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted driven by a range of approaches, which demand a systematic review of methodologies used for this task with their feature sets and techniques. It will facilitate the beginners as guidance towards composing an effective emotion recognition system. In this article, we have conducted a rigorous review on the state-of-the-art emotion recognition systems, published in recent literature, and summarized some of the common emotion recognition steps with relevant definitions, theories, and analyses to provide key knowledge to develop a proper framework. Moreover, studies included here were dichotomized based on two categories: i) deep learning-based, and ii) shallow machine learning-based emotion recognition systems. The reviewed systems were compared based on methods, classifier, the number of classified emotions, accuracy, and dataset used. An informative comparison, recent research trends, and some recommendations are also provided for future research directions

Design of a flexible textile antenna for early breast tumor detections

The breast tumor is the form of tumor that is diagnosed more frequently than any other type of tumor and it is the leading cause of death from breast cancer among females globally. Breast cancer has the greatest incidence and fatality rate among women worldwide. Early on, it was largely elderly women who were affected, but that has since shifted. Younger women have been more affected by breast tumor in recent years. The most effective methods for dealing with this condition right now include screening for it in early stages and diagnosing it. Rather than relying solely on traditional approaches, it encourages the researcher to instead focus on cutting-edge technologies. Objectives: Breast tumor detection using a textile�based (jeans) flexible antenna. Methods: As a substrate, jeans serve as a model for the proposed textile antenna, while copper serves as a patch (tuning fork shape) and ground plane in a simulated version of the antenna. Multiple simulations were run on CST MWS-2021 to determine the return loss (S11), VSWR, 3- D & 2-D radiation pattern, surface current radiation efficiency (%) with a focus on the specific absorption rate (SAR) all of which are important for optimizing antenna performance and ensuring human safety in the presence of electromagnetic waves. In order to guarantee the identification process for tumor of varying sizes (R= 10, 20 & 30 mm), the return loss results are compared across several cases. The tuning fork shape textile antenna operates on ISM band (5.79 GHz). Findings: With the primary goal of identifying breast tumor, the proposed structure was designed with a flexible textile substrate (jeans), low cost and an excellent radiation efficiency %. Application: The proposed structure is a significant improvement over prior studies in terms of low fabrication cost, adaptability and radiation efficiency %, directivity, SAR value. The SAR value was simulated and found 1.37 W/Kg, 0.837 W/Kg for 1 gm and 10 gm tissue. The suggested antenna meets the SAR standards given by the FCC (1 gm) and the ICNIRP (10 gm). The most significant advantage, however, is that the proposed antenna can be used in conjunction with microwave scattering technology to aid in the identification and detection of breast tumor with just a marginal difference between healthy and unhealthy breast